Tuberculosis is the world's leading infectious cause of death, killing more than one million people each year. When the antibiotic bedaquiline was introduced in 2012, it was the first new tuberculosis drug in over 40 years. Bedaquiline quickly became the key drug in all standard drug-resistant tuberculosis regimens globally. Unfortunately, clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains rapidly become resistant to bedaquiline, predominantly by overexpression of MmpL5.